Hyperpigmentations- Cause & Treatments- 1O1 Guide
What is hyperpigmentation?
Hyperpigmentation is a skin condition characterized by dark patches or spots on the skin that are usually darker than the surrounding skin. This condition occurs due to an overproduction of melanin, the pigment that gives colour to our skin, hair, and eyes. While hyperpigmentation is not harmful, it can be a cosmetic concern for many people.
Causes of Hyperpigmentation?
There are several causes of hyperpigmentation, including-
Sun exposure- When the skin is exposed to the sun, it triggers the production of melanin, which is the pigment that gives colour to the skin. Overexposure to the sun can lead to an overproduction of melanin, resulting in dark spots or patches on the skin. This type of hyperpigmentation is called sun-induced hyperpigmentation or solar lentigines. Sun-induced hyperpigmentation can occur on any part of the body that is exposed to the sun, but it is most common on the face, neck, arms, and hands.
Hormonal changes- Hormonal changes during pregnancy, menopause, and menstruation can trigger the production of melanin, leading to the formation of dark spots or patches on the skin. This type of hyperpigmentation is called melasma or chloasma. Melasma typically appears on the face, especially on the forehead, cheeks, and upper lip. While the exact cause of melasma is not fully understood, it is thought to be related to the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. Certain medications, such as birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy, can also trigger melasma.
Melanin production- Genetic factors can affect the amount and distribution of melanin produced by melanocytes (cells that produce melanin). Some individuals may naturally produce more melanin, leading to a higher predisposition for hyperpigmentation.
Genetics- Hyperpigmentation conditions, such as melasma or post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, can run in families or by genetics. Having a family history of these conditions may increase the likelihood of developing them.
Acne- Acne can cause hyperpigmentation in some cases. When the skin experiences inflammation from acne, it can trigger the overproduction of melanin, leading to dark spots or patches on the skin. This type of hyperpigmentation is called post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). PIH is a common occurrence after acne lesions have healed and can take several months to fade. However, not all acne will result in hyperpigmentation, and some people may experience it more than others.
Skin injuries- Skin injuries particularly if the injury is deep enough to damage the skin’s deeper layers. Like acne, this type of hyperpigmentation is also called post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). When the skin is injured, it triggers the body’s inflammatory response, which can lead to the overproduction of melanin and the formation of dark spots or patches on the skin.
Certain medications- Some medications, such as anticonvulsants, antibiotics, and chemotherapy drugs, can cause a type of hyperpigmentation called drug-induced hyperpigmentation. This type of hyperpigmentation can manifest as dark spots or patches on the skin and can be permanent in some cases. Keep in mind that not all medications will cause hyperpigmentation, and the risk of developing hyperpigmentation as a side effect can vary depending on the individual’s skin type, medication dosage, and length of treatment.
How to Treat Hyperpigmentation?
There are several treatment options for hyperpigmentation, including topical creams, chemical peels, and laser therapy. Topical creams containing hydroquinone, kojic acid, or azelaic acid can be effective in reducing the appearance of hyperpigmentation. These creams work by inhibiting the production of melanin in the skin.
Chemical peels involve applying a chemical solution to the skin, which causes the top layer of skin to peel off. This process helps to remove the darkened skin cells and promote the growth of new, healthier skin.
Laser therapy is another option for treating hyperpigmentation. This involves using a laser to target the darkened areas of skin, which helps to break up the excess melanin and promote the growth of new skin cells.
What to apply topically?
Topical treatments can be effective in reducing the appearance of hyperpigmentation. Vitamin C serums can be effective in reducing hyperpigmentation, as they contain antioxidants that help to protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals. Retinol creams can also be effective in reducing hyperpigmentation, as they promote cell turnover and help to reduce the appearance of dark spots. Hydroquinone cream is a popular choice for treating hyperpigmentation, as it works by inhibiting the production of melanin in the skin. Kojic acid and azelaic acid creams can also be effective in reducing the appearance of hyperpigmentation.
Sunscreen- Sunscreen is essential for the treatment of hyperpigmentation because it helps prevent further darkening and worsening of existing pigmentation. Hyperpigmentation is often triggered or exacerbated by sun exposure, as UV radiation stimulates the production of melanin, leading to increased pigmentation in affected areas. By applying sunscreen regularly and consistently, it forms a protective barrier on the skin that reduces the penetration of harmful UV rays. This, in turn, helps to minimize melanin production and prevent additional darkening of the hyperpigmented areas. Using a broad-spectrum, mineral, & water-resistant formulated sunscreen with a high SPF (at least SPF 50 or higher) is particularly important, as it provides protection against both UVA and UVB rays.
Vitamin C- Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that can help brighten and even out skin tone. It works by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for producing melanin, and it also helps to neutralize free radicals that can contribute to skin damage. When used topically, vitamin C can help to fade hyperpigmentation over time, while also improving the overall texture and appearance of the skin.
Alpha arbutin- Alpha arbutin is a natural ingredient that is derived from the bearberry plant. It is a safe and effective alternative to hydroquinone. Alpha arbutin works by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for producing melanin, and it is particularly effective at reducing the appearance of dark spots caused by sun damage.
Niacinamide- Niacinamide also known as vitamin B3, is a versatile ingredient that offers a wide range of benefits for the skin. It can help to reduce hyperpigmentation by inhibiting the transfer of melanin to skin cells, which can lead to a more even and brighter complexion. Niacinamide is also a potent anti-inflammatory ingredient, making it an excellent choice for those with acne-prone or sensitive skin.
Tranexamic acid- Tranexamic acid is a newer ingredient in the skincare world, but it is effective at reducing hyperpigmentation. It works by inhibiting the production of plasmin, an enzyme that can break down the skin’s natural barrier and lead to hyperpigmentation. Tranexamic acid can help to fade dark spots caused by sun damage, acne, and melasma, and it is particularly effective when used in combination with other skin-brightening ingredients.
AHA-BHA- AHA-BHA or alpha-hydroxy acids and beta-hydroxy acids, are exfoliating ingredients that can help to reduce hyperpigmentation by removing dead skin cells and promoting cell turnover. AHAs work by breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, while BHAs are oil-soluble and can penetrate deeper into the pores to unclog them. AHAs and BHAs can help to improve skin texture and tone, while also reducing the appearance of dark spots and other forms of hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone- Hydroquinone is a controversial ingredient that is widely used in skincare products to reduce hyperpigmentation. It works by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for producing melanin, but it has been linked to various side effects, including skin irritation and ochronosis, a condition characterized by blue-black pigmentation. Hydroquinone is only available by prescription in some countries, and it should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Kojic acid- Kojic acid is another natural ingredient that is derived from mushrooms and other fungi. It works by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for producing melanin, which can help to reduce hyperpigmentation caused by sun damage, acne, and other factors. Kojic acid is particularly effective when used in combination with other skin-brightening ingredients, such as vitamin C and niacinamide.
Glycolic acid- Glycolic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that is derived from sugar cane. It works by exfoliating the skin and promoting cell turnover, which can help to fade dark spots and other forms of hyperpigmentation. Glycolic acid is also effective at improving skin texture and reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. It is important to note that glycolic acid can be harsh on the skin, especially if used in high concentrations or without proper precautions, such as sunscreen.
Lactic acid- Lactic acid is another AHA that is derived from milk. It works by exfoliating the skin and promoting cell turnover, but it is gentler on the skin than glycolic acid. Lactic acid is an excellent choice for those with sensitive or dry skin, as it can help to improve hydration and reduce the appearance of dark spots and other forms of hyperpigmentation.
Licorice extract- Licorice extract also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it an excellent choice for those with sensitive or acne-prone skin. When used topically, liquorice extract can help to reduce the appearance of dark spots and other forms of hyperpigmentation, while also improving overall skin tone and texture.
How to treat it at home naturally?
Several natural remedies can help to reduce the appearance of hyperpigmentation.
1. Lemon Juice- Lemon juice contains natural bleaching agents that can help to lighten dark spots. Mix 2 to 3 drops of lemon juice with honey apply to the affected area and leave it on for 10-15 minutes before rinsing off with water. Do not use fresh lemon juice directly on the skin, due to its highly acidic nature it’ll cause redness, itching and irritations.
2. Aloe Vera- Aloe vera contains compounds that can help to reduce inflammation and lighten dark spots. Apply aloe vera gel to the affected area and leave it on for 15-20 minutes & rinse off with water.
3. Yogurt- Yogurt contains lactic acid, which is a type of alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that can help exfoliate and brighten the skin. Lactic acid works by breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, allowing them to be sloughed away more easily, revealing brighter, more even-toned skin. Simply apply a thin layer of plain, unsweetened yoghurt to the affected area and leave it on for 10-15 minutes before rinsing off with warm water. You can also mix yoghurt with other natural ingredients such as honey, lemon juice, or turmeric for added brightening and anti-inflammatory benefits.
4. Potato juice- Potato juice contains enzymes and antioxidants that can help brighten the skin and reduce hyperpigmentation. To use potato juice to reduce hyperpigmentation, cut a potato into thin slices and rub the slices onto the affected area, or extract the juice by blending the potato and straining the mixture. Apply the juice to the skin and leave it on for 10-15 minutes before rinsing off with warm water.
5. Turmeric- Turmeric can help to lighten hyperpigmentation and improve skin tone. Additionally, turmeric can also help reduce inflammation and promote skin healing, which can help reduce the appearance of scars and other types of skin discolouration. Mix it with other natural ingredients such as honey, lemon juice, or plain yoghurt to create a face mask. Apply the mask to the affected area and leave it on for 10-15 minutes & rinse off.
Remember to follow proper instructions as written on the particular skincare product that you are going to use and a patch test before. Also using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 50, as sun exposure can exacerbate hyperpigmentation. It is also important to introduce new skincare products slowly and gradually & lower concentration serum or chemical solution as overuse or misuse can lead to skin irritation and other side effects. Finally, it is always a good idea to consult with a skincare professional or dermatologist to determine the best treatment plan for your individual needs and concerns.
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